References

1

Beeler, G. & Reuter, H. 1989 Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres J. Physiol. (Lond) 268 963-977.

2

Biktashev, V.N. & Holden, A.V. 1994 Design principles for a low voltage cardiac defibrillator based on the effect of feedback resonant drift J. theor. Biol. 169, 101-112.

3

Biktashev, V.N. & Holden, A.V. 1995 Control of reentrant activity in a model of mammalian atrial tissue Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B260, 211-217.

4

Courtemanche, M. & Winfree, A.T. 1991 Re-entrant rotating waves in a Beeler-Reuter based model of two-dimensional cardiac electrical activity Int. J. Bifurcation & Chaos 1, 431-444.

5

Davidenko, J.M., Kent, P.F. & Jalife, J. 1993 Spiral waves in normal isolated ventricular muscle Physica D 49, 182-197.

6

Davydov, V.A., Zykov, V.S., Mikhailov, A.S. & Brazhnik, P.K. 1988 Drift and resonance of spiral waves in active media Izv. VUZov -- Radiofizika / Sov. Phys. -- Radiophysics 31, 574-582.

7

Efimov, I.R., Krinsky, V.I. & Jalife, J. 1995 Dynamics of rotating vortices in the Beeler-Reuter model of cardiac tissue Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 5, 513-526.

8

Fast, V.G., Efimov, I.R. & Krinsky, V.I. ``Transition from circular to linear rotation of a vortex in an excitable cellular medium'' Phys. Letters A 151, 157-161

9

Fast, V.G. & Pertsov, A.M. 1992 ``Shift and termination of functional reentry in isolated ventricular preparations with quinidine-induced inhomogeneity in refractory period'', J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 3, 255-265

10

Gray, R.A., Jalife, J., Panfilov, A.V., Baxter, W.T., Cabo, C., Davidenko, J.M., Pertsov, A.M 1995 Mechanisms of Cardiac Fibrillation Science 270, 1222-1223.

11

Kiyouse, T., Arita,M., Muramatsu, M., Spindler, A.J. & Noble, D. 1993 Ionic mechanisms of action potential prolongation at low teperature in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J. Physiol. (London) 468 85-106.

12

Holden, A.V. & Zhang, H. 1995 Characteristics of atrial re-entry and meander computed from a model of a rabbit single atrial cell J. theor. Biol. 175, 545-551.

13

Jalife, J. & Davidenko, J.M. 1993 Spiral waves as a mechanism of reentrant excitation in isolated cardiac muscle. In Cardiac Mapping (ed. M. Shenasa, M. Borggrefe and G.Breithardt), pp. 607-623, Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Pub Co.

14

Krassowska W. & Neu J.C. ``Response of a single cell to an external electric field'', Biophys. J. 66: 1768-1776

15

Krinsky, V.I., Efimov, I.R. & Jalife, J. 1992 Vortices with linear cores in excitable media Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A43, 7 645-655.

16

LeGuennec,J.-Y. & Noble.D 1994 Effects of rapid changes of external at different moments during the action potential in guinea-pig myocytes. J. Physiol. (London) 478 493-504.

17

Luo, C.H., Rudy, Y. 1994 A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action-potential I&II Circ. Res. 74, 1071-1096, 1097-1113.

18

Noble, D. 1990 Oxsoft HEART Version 3.8 manual. Oxford: Oxsoft.

19

Noble, D. 1995 The development of mathematical models of the heart Chaos Solitons and Fractals 5, 321-333.

20

Noble, D., Noble, S.J., Bett, G.C.L., Earm, Y.E., Ho, W.K. & So, I.K. 1991. The role of sodium-calcium exchange during the cardiac action potential, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 639 334-353.

21

Panfilov, A.V. & Holden, A.V. 1990 ``Self-generation of turbulent vortices in a 2-dimensional model of cardiac tissue'', Phys. Letters A, 151, 23-26

22

Pertsov, A.M., Davidenko, J.M., Salmonsz, R., Baxter, W.T. & Jalife J. 1993 Spiral waves of excitation underlie reentrant activity in isolated cardiac muscle Circ. Res. 72, 631-650.

23

Plesser, T., Müller S.C. & Hess B. 1990 ``Spiral wave dynamics as a function of proton concentration in the ferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabodinsky reaction'', J. Phys. Chem 94, 7501-7507

24

Pressler, M.L., Müller, P.N. & Huang, X. 1995. Gap junction distribution in the heart: functional relevance. In Cardiac Electrophysiology - from Cell to Beside 2nd ed. (ed. D.P Zipes & J.Jalife), pp. 144-151. Philadelphia: Saunders.

25

Rice, J.J., Winslow, R.W. & Kohl,P. 1995 Conduction velocity in a model strand of cardiomyocytes is linearly related to intracellular sodium concentration. J. Physiol. (London) 487 15-16P.

26

Taniguchi, A., Toyama, J., Kodama, I., Anno,T., Shirakawa, M. & Usui, S. 1994 Inhomogeneity of cellular activation time and Vmax in normal myocardial tissue under electrical field stimulation. Am. J. Physiol 276 Heart Circ. Physiol. 36 H694-H705.

27

Vinson, M., Pertsov, A. & Jalife, J. 1994 Anchoring of vortex filaments in 3D excitable media Physica D 72, 119-134.

28

Zipes, D.P., Fischer, J., King, R.M. et al. 1975 Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium Am. J. Cardiol. 36, 37-44.

%